2025-10-172025-11-172025-10-172025-11-171972https://openaccess.ircica.org/handle/123456789/257421 black and white negativeMahmud Celaleddin Efendi, 1749-1830Turkish calligraphyTurkish calligraphersRaif Efendi'nin evinde Hattat Mahmud Celaleddin Efendi'nin yazısıPhotograph